Disinformation Definition

Disinformation is the deliberate and purposeful distribution of false information. The term is generally used to describe an organized campaign to deceptively distribute untrue material intended to influence public opinion. In recent years, the term has become especially associated with the spread of fake news on social media as a strategy of negative political campaigning. Key Takeaways: Disinformation The terms disinformation and misinformation are often used interchangeably, but they are not synonymous. Disinformation requires that the message be false, distributed purposefully, and with the goal of altering public opinion.The strategic use of disinformation can be traced back to the Soviet Union in the 1920s, where it was known as dezinformatsiya.In English, the term was first used in the 1950s, referring to Cold War disinformation campaigns.Social media has exacerbated the impact of disinformation campaigns. Definition of Disinformation A key component of the definition of disinformation is the intention of the person or entity creating the message. Disinformation is distributed with the specific purpose of misleading the public. The false information is meant to impact society by swaying the opinions of the members of the audience. The term disinformation is said to be derived from a Russian word, dezinformatsiya, with some accounts holding that Joseph Stalin coined it. It is generally accepted that the Soviet Union pioneered the deliberate use of false information as a weapon of influence in the 1920s. The word remained relatively obscure for decades and was used mainly by military or intelligence professionals, not the general public, until the 1950s. Disinformation vs. Misinformation An important distinction to make is that disinformation does not mean misinformation. Someone can spread misinformation innocently by saying or writing things that are untrue while believing them to be true. For example, a person sharing a news report on social media may commit an act of misinformation if the source turns out to unreliable and the information incorrect. The specific person who shared it acts as a result of misinformation if he or she believes it to be true. On the other hand, deliberately distributing false material with the purpose of generating outrage or chaos in society, essentially as a political dirty trick, would rightfully be referred to as spreading disinformation. Following the same example, the agent who created the false information in the unreliable source is guilty of creating and spreading disinformation. The intention is to cause a reaction in the public opinion based on the false information that he or she created. What Is a Disinformation Campaign? Disinformation is often part of a larger effort, such as a campaign, plan, or agenda. It may take advantage of well-established facts while tweaking details, omitting context, blending falsehoods, or distorting circumstances. The goal is to make the disinformation believable in order to reach the target audience. Multiple acts of disinformation may be carried out simultaneously in different outlets to achieve a goal. For example, different articles intended to discredit a political candidate may circulate at the same time, with each version tailored to the readership. A younger reader may see an article about the candidate treating a young person poorly, while an elderly reader may see the same article but the victim may be an elderly person. Targeting of this sort is especially prominent in social media sites. In the modern era, the 2016 efforts waged by Russians targeting the U.S. elections is perhaps the best-known example of a disinformation campaign. In this case, the perpetrators used Facebook and Twitter to disseminate fake news, as was revealed by the hearings on Capitol Hill which examined and exposed the scheme. In May 2018, members of Congress ultimately revealed more than 3,000 Facebook ads which had been purchased by Russian agents during the 2016 election. The ads were full of deliberate falsehoods designed to stir outrage. The placement of the ads had been fairly sophisticated, targeting and reaching millions of Americans at very little cost. On February 16, 2018, the Office of the Special Counsel, led by Robert Mueller, indicted the Russian government troll farm, the Internet Research Agency, along with 13 individuals and three companies. The highly detailed 37-page indictment described a sophisticated disinformation campaign designed to create discord and influence the 2016 election. Russian Disinformation Disinformation campaigns had been a standard tool during the Cold War and mentions of Russian disinformation would occasionally appear in the American press. In 1982, TV Guide, one of the most popular magazines in America at the time, even published a cover story warning about Russian disinformation. Recent research has indicated that the Soviet Union spread disinformation about America and the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s. A conspiracy theory that AIDS had been created in an American germ warfare lab was spread by the Soviet KGB, according to a 2018 NPR report. The use of information as a potential weapon in the modern era was documented in a deeply reported article in the New York Times Magazine in June 2015. Writer Adrian Chen recounted remarkable stories of how Russian trolls, operating from an office building in St. Petersburg, Russia, had posted untrue information to wreak havoc in America. The Russian troll farm described in the article, the Internet Research Agency, was the same organization that would be indicted by Robert Muellers office in February 2018. Sources: Manning, Martin J. Disinformation.  Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, vol. 1, Gale, 2004, pp. 331-335.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.Chen, Adrian. The Agency. New York Times Sunday Magazine, 7 June 2015. p. 57.Barnes, Julian E. Cyber Command Operation Took Down Russian Troll Farm for Midterm Elections. New York Times, 26 February 2019. p. A9.disinformation. Oxford Dictionary of English. Ed. Stevenson, Angus. Oxford University Press, January 01, 2010. Oxford Reference.

Econ Tutorial - 812 Words

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAMAICA SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION ECO 1001: INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS TUTORIAL #1 1. Which of the following is the best definition of economics? a) The study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided. b) The study of how consumers spend their income. c) The study of how business firms decide what inputs to hire and what outputs to produce. d) The study of how the Jamaican government allocates tax dollars. 2. Competitive behaviour a) occurs as a reaction to scarcity. b) occurs only in a market system. c) occurs only when the government allocates goods and†¦show more content†¦Briefly describe the three primary methods of resource allocation that have evolved to answer these questions. 7. Discuss three reasons why specialization could lead to a higher standard of living. 8. Differentiate between comparative advantage and absolute advantage. Which is more important from an economic viewpoint? The table below shows the number of computers and aero planes produced by two firms using the same quantities of resources. | |Computers |Aero planes | |Firm A |220 |100 | |Firm B |130 |80 | 9. Firm A has a(an) a) comparative advantage in the production of computers. b) comparative advantage in the production of aeroplanes. c) absolute advantage in production of aeroplanes only. d) absolute advantage in the production of computers only. Use the following information to answer Questions 10 and 11. | |Labour Required | | |1 Window Washed |1 Rug Cleaned | |Mary |2 hours |10 hours | |Peter |3 hours |12 hours | 10. 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Why I Enrolled in College free essay sample

Why enroll in college? It’s a question thousands of graduating high school students will ponder every year. This was also a question I had to ask myself many years ago. In making such a decision there are many things to think about. What do you want to get from a college education? Is there a certain degree that you are striving for? What challenges are there that could possibly be in the way of you meeting your goal? Over and over again students attend college just to attend. They never have a real focus on what the end point should be. It is important that you set a goal, and stay motivated. When I graduated from high school I had already been enlisted into the Air Force under the delayed enlistment program, but still had the choice to go forth or cancel my enlistment. When finally making my choice I decided to join the military and forgo college life. My years in the military have been great for me and my family, but as with everything, there comes a time when you are at the end of a career. In my case, while still being somewhat young, opportunity is available to embark on a second career after retirement. Currently I am attending college in somewhat of a rush. Being a big procrastinator I regret not maintaining a schedule of courses while having the opportunity to do so. Over the past 20 years I took a class here and there, but never stuck with it. Now with my impending retirement the realization has hit that working on my degree is a must. Why continue? Well, for several reasons. To begin with, the personal growth that is gained from college is immeasurable. For example, during my military career I always strive to learn something new every day. Whether it be a new computer technique, or maybe gaining knowledge from a supervisor or friend. In a similar manner while attending college, one would hope that you can’t help but learn something as long as you keep an open mind and put forth the effort. Along with personal growth, college assists you in being qualified for a good job, be that you’re first, second or even third career choice. In general, people with higher education have an easier time qualifying for employment. Most higher paying jobs require that you have a degree related to your field of choice. It literally pays in today’s world to have a degree. There are many positives in attending college, whether it is an online course or physically attending a class. The first, and most important, is to receive a higher level of education. With some fields, for instance, mathematics, history, philosophy or literature, it is given that you can gain knowledge in these fields only from a university or local college. To gain increased knowledge, especially a professional knowledge for a specific job or career position, college level education is a must in today’s world. Another experience, sometimes unexpected, is the connection with classmates and in some instances a growing friendship with those individuals. After all, for that moment in time (or class term) you are all striving for the same goal. That goal may be to pass a course with the highest attainable grade which requires a certain motivation. This thought brings me to learning motivational skills. When with others you tend to push yourself more as you see others progressing. This may help your motivational skills in that you see others accomplish or learn something new, so you to want to do the same. What kind of skills you ask? For instance, speaking, writing and even teaching skills can be picked up from your daily interactions with fellow students. As people progress you see those who tend to stand out more. You have strong speakers, your quiet writers, and those students who pick up on the subjects faster than others Even with all this knowledge being gained and shared there can be challenges to college. As for challenges, there can be many. Having the time to attend, motivation and money are the most common. One challenge, or in my case excuse, is time. No one seems to have time for school. Think about it. You and your spouse work a full time, you have children who are also in school themselves, and oh by the way have extracurricular activities going on. When do you have time to go? Well thankfully, there are so many options today that can accommodate even the busiest of schedules. Instead of going to school fulltime, go part time. Most colleges offer programs in the evening and even on weekends. Some give classes where you work or in neighborhood churches and community centers. And as I am doing, you can also attend online at somewhat your own pace. However, even with online courses, you do need to have the motivation to set aside appropriate time to meet your course requirements. Without proper motivation you may find it hard to keep pace. With time and motivation on your side, you are ready to go right? So where will the money come from for college? You have the time, you have the motivation, but can you afford to go to college? Unfortunately not everyone can afford to attend a university or local college. In these instances, there are many avenues available to obtain money. Financial aid is among the top for a lot of people. It never hurts to apply for and financial aid if you qualify. There is also money available from the federal government, from your state and believe it or not from the college at which you have applied to. Take advantage of the funding that is available for you. Why did I enroll in college? The reasons are plenty, and I have briefly discussed a few. Attending the college of your choice can help in your personal growth, job opportunities and for some they may be the first in their family receive a degree. Along the way you will meet many people striving for the same outcome as you. Take advantage of this. Learn motivational skills from your instructors and classmates which can be utilized in the job market. Overcome the challenges you meet. Time, motivation and money seem to be the most common. However, regardless of your challenges, stay focused, research your opportunities and you will find that there are ways of attaining your colligate goals.

The importance of the Fens as a surrounding context Essay Example For Students

The importance of the Fens as a surrounding context Essay Also the idea of everything being zero connects to the idea of circularity in Swifts novel. Another comparison between the two works is that, this vacancy must be filled using stories, Swift offers the theory that man wherever he goes he wants to leave behind not a chaotic wake, not an empty space, but the comforting marker-buoys and trail-signs of stories. He has to go on telling stories, he has to keep on making them up. The vacancy and emptiness of the Fens also encourages curiosity. We will write a custom essay on The importance of the Fens as a surrounding context specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Curiosity is an important theme in the novel, especially in the Mary, Tom, and Dick love triangle. As I have already discussed the emptiness of the Fens encourages story telling, but I think the flat and monotonous nature of the context also encourages the motifs of discovery, curiosity, and mystery, the bare and empty Fens yield so readily to the imaginary. The flat empty Fens all around us became, too, a miraculous land, became an expectant stage on which magical things could happen. Swift is saying that with this sense of vacancy comes expectancy. The Fens are this magical stage, where the itch of curiosity becomes more and more irritating. Sexuality as I have already mentioned is inextricably linked to the Fens, being especially present in the water imagery, the Fens and sexuality also become mingled, curiosity is an idea that is encapsulated in the sexual content, thus curiosity and the Fens merge, the land girls brought to our fenland byways an atmosphere of subversion and simmering sexuality. But simmering sexuality as you may know, children is always there. Curiosity which bogs us down is an interesting phrase that immediately links curiosity with the marshy wasteland; bog has several connotations, one of which is silt. This emphasizes curiositys role as an undertone throughout the novel, just like silt it is constantly there, lying just below the surface, impossible to get rid of, a constant itch. The Fens in Waterland, conjure up a similar landscape to that of Great Expectations, and in its epigraph explicitly draws on Dickens to reinforce the powerful presence of the flat marshland. The epigraph also immediately informs the reader that there are common themes throughout these two novels, both have a 1st person narrative and are about growing up, a bildungsroman. The setting almost always symbolizes a theme in Great Expectations and always sets a tone that is perfectly matched to the novels dramatic action. Pips imagination, like Mary, Dick and Toms curiosity, was forced to develop as a result of this openness and simplicity, and he expanded his ideas in the process. In the first chapter of Great Expectations the fenland is described as: the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and that the low leaden line beyond, was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea, and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip. 2 The list gives this phrase a repetitive nature, which emphasizes the expansive quality of the marshes. In Chapter 24, Childs Play, Swift uses repetition, alliteration, and a list to achieve a similar effect, Blue-haze sky. Hot banks. Flat, flat Fens. Rasping rushes. Mud between toes. Weeping willows. Mary The two phrases are very similar, as both list features of the Fens/marshes and then immediately force the attention off this extensive landscape onto a character. Therefore the empty nature of the Fens allows the readers attention to be almost completely focused on the characters and their situations. Also in the background of the novel is George Eliots, The Mill on the Floss, she puts a similar strong emphasis on the surrounding landscape and the power of water in mans working life. .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be , .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .postImageUrl , .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be , .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:hover , .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:visited , .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:active { border:0!important; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:active , .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc994cc3b3099d828ce9a862ced4312be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: "The affliction of Margaret" by William Wordsworth Essay SampleThe metaphors of water are used to explore the sibling relationship between Tom and Maggie. In Waterland, Swift establishes a connection between Dick and the river, especially when he characterizes him with eely attributes. The river, in Eliots novel, with its depth and potential to flood, (flooding also significant in Waterland) symbolizes Maggies deeply running and unpredictable emotions. George Eliot also personifies the river, How lovely the little river is, with its dark changing wavelets! It seems to me like a living companion while I wander along the bank, and listen to its low, placid voice . . . 3 Swift similarly gives the Ouse an additional connotation, a human element, the continued contempt of the river for the efforts of men and when he says the river has changed direction, taken short-cuts, long loops, usurped the course of other rivers, been coaxed into new channels and re-arranged its meeting place with the sea, he gives the Ouse control, a control which is most closely associated with humans. A very important symbol that runs continuously throughout Waterland is the River Ouse. All the traditional symbolism is present in Swifts use of the river: i. e. the flow of time, endless progression, and the force of nature, but Swift also gives the river a human element (see earlier). The river is a constant element; history passes it by while it just flows on, oozes on, just like before. The Ouse is also a constant element in the narrative; it runs throughout the novel connecting various different parts and is the central symbol that gives Waterland its cyclical nature. This circularity is well illustrated when Swift gives a description of the water-cycle, so that while the Ouse flows to sea, it flows, in reality, like all rivers, only back to itself, to its own source; and that impression that a river only moves one way is an illusion. Swift uses a convoluted narrative that almost ebbs and flows; the non-linear style is carried in broken crosscurrents of self-interrupted thoughts, explanations, and reasons. Tom Crick uses water ridden analogies all the way through the novel, one of the most obvious ones being the description of history, It goes in two directions at once. It goes backwards as it goes forwards. It loops. It takes detours marching unswervingly into the future. Waterland involves the story of two families, the Cricks and the Atkinsons, water people vs. capitalist brewers, David Malcolm in his book Understanding Graham Swift argues that this serves as a paradigm for England during the Industrial revolution, technology and capitalism overtaking the life and land of the Fen people: figuratively connecting Swifts ideas of progress to the movement of the river. Cricks narrative is an attempt to reclaim/retell the displaced history of his people. The Fens are very important throughout the novel, they advance the plot and become this platform from which stories emerge, they lie just below the surface of the narrative, attribute human and sexual characteristics, and most significantly they allow the plot to advance more rapidly. Bibliography Graham Swift Waterland David Malcolm Understanding Graham Swift Brian Aubrey Stef Craps Trauma and Ethics in the Novels of Graham Swift Charles Dickens Great Expectations George Elliot The Mill on the Floss Samuel Beckett Endgame Pamela Coopers article Imperial Topographies: The Spaces of history in Waterland Graham Swift: Waterland, an Overview http://www. hewett. norfolk. sch. uk/curric/english/resource/ Word Count 2936 words 1 Definition of existentialism found on www. google. co. uk 2 Charles Dickens, Great Expectations 3 George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss.